Wealth-based rule favors cooperation in costly public goods games when individual selection is inevitable

Highlights：

• The evolution of cooperation hypothesized that individual selection is inevitable is investigated.

• Distinct from the traditional models, our model studied the effects of wealth-based rule when individual selection is inevitable, where only the top V individuals with relatively high cumulative payoffs in each group can be selected for costly PGG.

• The effects of participation costs on the proportion of cooperation, the proportion of different individuals, and the gap between rich and poor individuals are distinctly different under different V.